(6000 BC - 1200 BC E.) spread to the south-west of the Arkhangelsk region and to the north of the Vologda region, in the areas of Lacha, Vozhe, Kenozero and partly the White Lake. The pit comb belongs to the ceramic culture circle.
M. E. Foss was later emphasized in 1947-1952, when he included all known monuments until the early metal period. Neolithic monuments in the Eastern Prionegie region are now united in a culture that preserves the name Kargopol instead of the main finds in the Kargopol region of the Arkhangelsk region of the RSFSR, and the late Neolithic - Eneolitic monuments are assigned to a special group called Modlon type monuments.
The Kargopol culture area has relatively open boundaries to the source of the Onega River in the north and the upper parts of the Sukhona River in the east and southeast. The distinction with the Karelian culture in the West is rather ambiguous. Total settlement, parking lot and cemetery area is about 90 (against the coasts of Kubenino, Andozero 2, Andozero 5, Sukhoye, Cape Olsky, Yagloboiskaya, Tikhmanga, Gostiny, Cape Brevenny, Kubenino, Selishche, Pogostishche, Karavaevskaya, Upper Vereye, Ustye Sholy -1 and others) [2] [3].
Kargopol culture settlements are located in elevated parts of lakes and rivers coasts, at the mouths of rivers, near lagoons. Many of them are now flooded, but the level of water is lower during their existence. Fixed-type settlements are far from open lake shores, their area sometimes reaches 3000 m, the thickness of the cultural layer is up to 50-60 cm.Temporary camps, ruins and a small area poorly saturated with a thin cultural layer, they are usually found in sand dunes near large lakes. . Maybe these were fishing camps.
Kargopol culture ceramics are made from a mixture of wood and sand and coarse pulp, sometimes containing a mixture of mica or fine quartz. The vessels are round-bottomed, with flat walls, the nimbus is cut straight and decorated with a scallop stamp. In the late period, very large ships appeared with a large directional nimbus decorated with scallops. Plates of various sizes, from 50-55 cm high and 40-45 cm in diameter, from miniatures to 3-5 cm in diameter miniatures. Large ones can serve as storage stocks because they are too large for cooking and are not in-house. Often medium-sized dishes are round-bottomed, hemispherical or slightly covered. Ceramic decoration is based on horizontal zones and a small number of stamps - a round pit, scallop prints, Roman unit, etc. Typically, the entire surface of the container is covered with a pattern of deep round pits in a checkerboard pattern separated by free zones, in which inclined combs or drawn lines, sockets or festoones are placed from the pits. These patterns make up about 90% of all decorations.
Stone tools are made of slate, flecked rock flint, quartzite, and sometimes high-quality quartz. The processing technique has reached a high level, dominating the sawing, drilling, chipping and laying, finishing, grinding and polishing of finished products.
Among the stone processing tools are quartz saws, retouches, sanding tiles, anvils, between chopping tools - axes (rectangular, narrow butt and oval cross section, cylindrical, two-blade, marked shoulders in plan and section), piles crystal rock), chisel, chisel ( oblong, long forehead, small claw-shaped or krummseysely, with a transverse groove under the blade), chisels. All of them are made in exceptional cases, from hard rocks - slate. In the Kargopol culture areas, the Krummaisel chisel appeared at the same time as rare yellow ornaments in the third millennium BC. to.
Fishing gear is represented by arrowheads (leaf-shaped, rhombus, with a marked handle), dart and flint spears with bilateral processing of the entire surface.
Compound hooks from slate were found from fishing tools, where rods are often stored, and in the Sukhoye settlement on the Kovzha River, besides the rods, a fishing hook tip was found, which made it possible to rebuild the tool - the hooks are made of bone and quartz and sometimes from the Sukhoe area to strengthen the tip A vertical groove was grooved, as in the example of white quartz. Parking lot residents had to use pins, nets, traps that are not protected in residential areas, but are widely known in the Neolithic forest.
Among the household appliances, mostly scrapers and blades made of thin curved scales with two-sided retouches, brackets, spoons, holes, knives in the form of chisels, combined products in flint scales were found.
Bone instruments are particularly weak compared to the Mesolithic regions of the Veretier culture previously present in this region. From the bone in the Neolithic, blunt ends of the primitive form, small harpoons, punctures and spikes, fishing hooks and rods, rare daggers and spearheads were made.
Many parking lots have gems made of bone, slate and amber. Pendants are round, flat, one-sided perforated. Amber crafts, necklaces, buttons (against the Gostiny Beach on the right bank of Modlona) and washers (Cape Log on the west coast of Lake Vozhe) are known. Shale rings were found in car parks and graves, in Andozero 2 in Andozero, and in the Karavaevsky tomb on the right bank of the deceased Eloma, in the chest of the deceased. The special significance of these jewels is indicated by the findings of the broken rings, which are also drilled for further use. The same category of jewelry includes slate discs with a hole in the middle and a two-hole ring from the Karavaevskaya region. Similar products are known in the Neolithic of Eastern Baltic, Finland and Karelia. For example,
Several small cemetery sites are known on the territory of the Kargopol culture, some preserved anthropological remains, which are important for studying the old population of the forest region. The first tombs were discovered in 1928 in the Kubenino settlement. In 1937, Karavaevsky cemetery was opened and 38 tombs were opened [4]. A tomb was found in Verkhnyaya Veretye in Kinem, 8 tombs in the cemetery area Mys Brevenny, 4 tombs in Nefedyevo (Kubensky Lake basin), 3 tombs in the Sukhoi parking lot in Kovzha. Mass graves were identified in the Veksa II settlement in the upper parts of Sukhona. Graves and cemeteries are often found at the foot of areas associated with the cultural layer. Their depth and direction are different, there is a filling with red ocher (Kubenino, Karavaevsky), but it is not necessary. A characteristic feature of the funeral rite is the tradition of covering the deceased with stones. The stones were placed on the head, back or legs. The dead were buried in a long position on their backs, in the stomach (Kubenino, Karavaevsky), sometimes near them (Cape Logs). Usually there was no structure on the grave. The exception is the burial of a woman from the Karavaevsky tomb, where there is a small quarry on the grave, with a bear, deer and beaver coals and scattered bones. Things in the graves are rare. If they are found to be associated with the grave, it turns out to be a necklace from slate or amber and from the teeth of animals. Usually there was no structure on the grave. The exception is the burial of a woman from the Karavaevsky tomb, where there is a small quarry on the grave, with a bear, deer and beaver coals and scattered bones. Things in the graves are rare. If they are found to be associated with the grave, it turns out to be a necklace made of slate or amber, as well as from the teeth of animals. Usually there was no structure on the grave. The exception is the burial of a woman from the Karavaevsky tomb, where there is a small quarry on the grave, with a bear, deer and beaver coals and scattered bones. Things in the graves are rare. If they are found to be associated with the grave, it turns out to be a necklace made of slate or amber, as well as from the teeth of animals.
Flint figures are found in the parking lots or at random meetings. Despite the ductility of the material, they are quite dynamic, which exactly distinguishes the Kargopol sculpture. Images of a person are often given in front, only a random finding from the Olsky Mys region on the east coast of Lake Lacha represents an image in profile [5]. It resembles clay "idols" with its front legs and a visor on the forehead [6]. The clay figurines called "Idol" were found in Kubenino at the mouth of Kinema, Ileks, Sukhoi. A bent posture, unaligned and stretched forward legs, lack of hands, only work on the upper part of the face, some have a hill on their back. Probably, the tradition of these images to deeper antiquity, the pit combed ceramic population of the Russian Plain, separate similar figures were found in these settlements. It is assumed that "idols" are the bosses of the hearth, as they are repeatedly present in the houses.
Small flint figures include images of birds, animals, fish, reptiles and sometimes predators. The Flint statue is often associated with the Volosovo culture of the Eneolithic age in the forest lane. This culture has no work in the East Onega region, and flint figures are quite common in the Late Neolithic Age.
Ceramics are known in Kubenino, where pieces of a normal-type container are applied with comb molds of different sizes, decorated with the frieze of birds floating on the left. A graphic reconstruction of the ship V.I. Published by Smirnov. Probably, colored drawings made with mustard and other paint pieces were common. In Andozero 2, a special red and yellow ocher "crayons" and a sharpened black "crayon" in the Sukhoi parking lot were found. In addition to the drawings on a tree or bone, they can make a tattoo of antiquity and magical significance, as ethnographic observations show [2].
The oldest monuments of the Kargopol culture belong to the end of Mesolithic and are characterized by rough flint tools, bone arrowheads. In the IV millennium. to. ceramics decorated with large pits gradually emerge with ceramics decorated with dimple combs. Flint tools take on a completely Neolithic look, flint figures of animals, human
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